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Elizabeth Stuart Phelps Ward (1844–1911) was an early feminist American author and intellectual who challenged traditional Christian beliefs of the afterlife, challenged women's traditional roles in marriage and family, and advocated clothing reform for women. In 1868, three years after the Civil War ended, she published ''The Gates Ajar'', which depicted the afterlife as a place replete with the comforts of domestic life and where families would be reunited—along with family pets—through eternity. In her 40s, Phelps broke convention again when she married a man 17 years her junior. Later in life she urged women to burn their corsets. Her later writing focused on feminine ideals and women's financial dependence on men in marriage. She was the first woman to present a lecture series at Boston University. During her lifetime she was the author of 57 volumes of fiction, poetry and essays. In all of these works she challenged the prevailing view that woman's place and fulfilment resided in the home. Instead Phelps' work depicted women as succeeding in nontraditional careers as physicians, ministers, and artists. Near the end of her life, Phelps became very active in the antivivisection movement. Her novel, ''Trixy'', published in 1904, was constructed around the topic of vivisection and the effect this kind of training had on doctors. The book became a standard polemic against experimentation on animals. == Early life == Elizabeth (August 31, 1844 – January 28, 1911) was born in Andover, Massachusetts to American Congregational minister Austin Phelps and Elizabeth (Wooster) Stuart Phelps. Her baptismal name was Mary Gray Phelps, after a close friend of her mother's. Her mother, Elizabeth (August 13, 1815—November 30, 1852), wrote the Kitty Brown books under the pen name H. Trusta.〔 Her brother, Moses Stuart Phelps, was born in 1849. Her mother was the eldest daughter of Moses Stuart, the eminent president of Andover Theological Seminary. Her mother was intermittentantly ill for most of her adult life and died of brain fever shortly after the birth of their third child, Amos, on November 20, 1852, Eight year old Mary Gray asked to be renamed in honor of her mother.〔(【引用サイトリンク】url=http://www.essortment.com/female-author-elizabeth-wooster-stuart-phelps-39423.html )〕 Her father Austin Phelps was a widely respected Congregational minister and educator. He was pastor of the Pine Street Congregational Church until 1848, when he accepted a position as the Chair of Rhetoric at Andover Theological Seminary. He met Elizabeth Phelps that same year and they were married in the fall. The family moved to Boston〔 and in 1869 he became President of the Andover Theological Seminary, where he served in that role for 10 years. His writings became standard textbooks for Christian theological education and remain in print today. Two years after her mother' death, Elizabeth's father married her mother's sister, Mary Stuart. She was also a writer but died of tuberculosis only 18 months later. Less than six months later her father married Mary Ann Johnson, the sister to a minister, and they had two sons, Francis Johnson (1860) and Edward Johnson (1863).〔(【引用サイトリンク】url=http://www.civilwarwomenblog.com/2011/12/elizabeth-stuart-phelps.html )〕 Phelps received an upper class education, attending the Abbot Academy and Mrs. Edwards' School for Young Ladies.〔 She had a gift for telling stories as a child. One source noted, "She spun amazing yarns for the children she played with... and her schoolmates of the time a little farther on talk with vivid interest of the stories she used to improvise for their entertainment.〔 At thirteen, she had a story published in ''Youth's Companion'' and other stories appeared in Sunday School publications. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Elizabeth Stuart Phelps Ward」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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